Economic conditions are part of the organization's specific environment.（)

After reading this passage, you can conclude that ______.

A．the relationship between the rich and the poor has changed

B．the good economy will soon end

C．poverty will be obliterated as a result of increased wealth

D．all people benefit from good economic conditions

s is that______.

A．their preoccupation with profits overlooks the need for more humanistic values

B．their lawyers are ignorant of international trade laws

C．there is a great need for physicians

D．they have not been able to make the best use of their own resources

st. Nowadays, this wonting has long been out of use. Research done by Peking University has proved that between 1985 and 2000, Chinese women have become more and more practical in choosing their partners. The height and appearance of men are seldom mentioned.

A sample investigation made by people including Qian Mingyi, psychology professor and director of doctoral candidates on the advertisements for partners in the magazine Women of China from 1985 to 2000 shows that in terms of physiological conditions, age, which was number 1 in 1985 and 1995, is an important criterion for women in choosing their partners. However, women have been less strict about men's height year by year and their requirements on their appearance to the 10th place. Women now care more about the personal, social and economic conditions of men. However, women have always valued the health of their partners and this has not changed much during the 15 years.

In terms of social and economic conditions, during the 15 years, the rate of mention women's requirements on the job and educational experience of their partners has been falling, but the requirement on career rose from the 9th place in 1985 to second place by the end of 1990s. The changes of criteria on partners are a reflection of the political, economic and cultural changes in society. According to experts' analyses, in early 1980s, educational experience and job represented the income level of an individual, while in late 1990s, with diversified channels of income and increasingly frequent occupational differentiation, educational experience and job could not directly indicate one's income. Comparatively, the elements of career, social and economic status are more relevant. Men with high achievement in terms of career are more attractive to women and quality of life after marriage can be better ensured.

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A．Vertically handicapped.

B．Short.

C．Secondary handicapped.

D．Height challenged.

movements in the United States.

M: Yes. I would like to say that their popularity can be affected by social conditions and historical events. As an example, let's look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the great depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the depression occurred. But it really became popular in the 1930s, during the depression years.

W: What is the reason for this？

M: Many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. Some of them came to truly love the life in small towns and to leave the "sophisticated society" in cities. These artists really built the Regionalism Movement.

W: What're the features of Regional Movement？

M: It's all about everyday life in small towns or farming areas. And their style. was about glorified or romanticized country life. It showed stable, wholesome American traditions.

W: Why did this style. become popular？

M: It's partly because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalism artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen people's faith in their country.

W: What was Regionalism like after the depression？

M: Before and after the Second World War, American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, lost its popularity, as American society changed once again.

(23)

A．How historical events affected an art movement.

B．How artists can influence economic conditions.

C．Why a certain art movement failed to become popular.

D．How valuable paintings were lost during wartime.

听力原文： One important thing about art movements is that their popularity can be affected by social conditions, which are themselves often affected by historical events. As an example, look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the Great Depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the Depression occurred. But it really flourished in the 1930s, during the depression years. Why？ Well, many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. Some of these artists came to truly embrace the life in small towns and to reject city life in so-called "sophisticated society". These artists or specifically certain painters really built the regionalist movement. They created things in everyday life in small towns or farming areas. And their style. was not all neutral, really big glorified or romanticized country life, showing it stable, wholesome, and embodying important American traditions. And this style. became very popular, in part because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalism artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen people's faith in their country, faith that had weakened as the result of the depression. But in the 1940s, before and after the Second World War, American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, well, it lost a lot of popularity, as American society changed once again.

(33)

A．How historical events affected an art movement.

B．How artists can influence economic conditions.

C．Why a certain art movement failed to become popular.

D．How valuable paintings were lost during wartime.

ted by social conditions, which are themselves often affected by historical events. As an example, look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the Great Depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the Depression occurred. But it really flourished in the 1930s, during the depression years. Why？ Well, many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. Some of these artists came to truly embrace the life in small towns and to reject city life in so-called "sophisticated society". These artists or specifically certain painters really built the regional-ist movement. They created things in everyday life in small towns or farming areas. And their style. was not all neutral, really big glorified or romanticised country life, showing it stable, wholesome, and embodying important American traditions. And this style. became very popular, in part because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalism artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen peoples faith in their country, faith that had weakened as the result of the depression. But in the 1940s, before and after the Second World War, American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, well, it lost a lot of popularity, as American society changed once again. Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard. 20. What is the lecture mainly about？ 21. What kind of scene might be shown in a typical regionalist painting？ 22. According to the speaker, what happened in the USA in the 1940s around the time of WWII that affected the popularity of the regionalist art？20．

A．People working in a large factory.

B．People walking on crowded city streets.

C．An everyday activity in a small town.

D．A well-known historical event.

In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomple te, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.

While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.

The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.

In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare. Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.

The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly. Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.

What does the author think of the 2015 report by the Census Bureau？

A.It is based on questionable statistics.

B.It reflects the economic changes.

C.It evidences the improved welfare.

D.It provides much food for thought.

What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method？

A.It is widely used to compare the economic growth across countries.

B.It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary peopled livelihood.

C.It focuses on people’s consumption rather than their average income.

D.It is a more comprehensi ve measure of people’s economic well-being.

What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S. in terms of real consumption per person？

A.It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.

B.It neglected many important indicators of people’s welfare.

C.It covered up the differences between individual citizens.

D.It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.

What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method？

A.It can accurately pinpoint a country’s current economic problems.

B.It can help to ra ise people’s awareness of their economic well-being.

C.It can diagnose the causes of a country’s slowing pace of economic improvement.

D.It can compare a country’s economic conditions between different periods of time.

What can we infer from the passage about American people’s economic well-being？

A.It is much better than that of their European counterparts.

B.It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.

C.It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.

D.It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

Water Warnings

Urgent Tasks for China

Water has long been considered an inexhaustible resource. But China is facing an unmistakable water crisis, and recently, because of increasingly hard-to-miss symptoms of the shortage, people in all parts of society are beginning to realize just how precious commodity water really is.

At first glance, it seems like there should be enough: China's total supply of freshwater resources ranks sixth in the world, after Brazil, Russia, Canada, the United States and Indonesia. But despite this apparent advantage, China's per capita water resources fall far below the world average of 7,600 cubic meters per-capita due to the country's enormous population size. China's per-capita amount of 2,200 cubic meters is expected to decrease further as the country continues its rapid economic growth and population expansion.

"Without excessively exploiting underground water, China has a water gap of nearly 40 billion cubic meters. The country's 320 million rural people aren't able to drink safe water and over 400 cities don't have sufficient water supply, 110 of which face a serious shortage," Wang Shucheng, Minister of Water Resources, said recently.

Some water resources experts warn that the current shortage is no more than a warning signal, with a greater crisis yet to come. The Ministry of Water Resources issued a water crisis warning as early as November 2001. At the time it said that when the Chinese population peaks at 1.6 billion in 2030, China's per-capita water resources could fall to 1,700 cubic meters, the internationally acknowledged level below which an area is said to be experiencing "water stress".

Poor Natural Conditions

Scant water resources to slake the thirsts of a population of 1.3 billion, and the uneven geographical distribution of these resources, form. the basis of water conditions in China.

Affected by monsoons (季候风), China's precipitation (降水量) varies considerably among different

seasons. The time of precipitation overlaps (交迭) with the hottest seasons, mostly in summer and autumn and scarcely in winter and spring. Generally, regions with the lowest precipitation levels receive it concentratedly only at certain times of the year, which easily gives rise to drought in spring and flooding in summer. Meanwhile, two thirds of China's water resources is comprised of runoff flooding, which means rivers often flood in the rainy season and dry up at other times.

China's water resources are also distributed geographically unevenly, inconsistent with the distribution of land, mineral resources and productivity. Generally, water resources are concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the country, and in mountainous areas. Annual precipitation amounts vary from more than 3,000 millimeters in the southeast to less than 50 millimeters in the northwest.

China is prone to floods and droughts, such-as the severe drought that hit Chongqing and Sichuan in southwest China this summer, the country's worst in 50 years. While per capita water resources in some areas of the north approach the level of the driest countries in the world, the water-rich south often suffers from seasonal droughts, which adversely affects rice, the major crop reliant on watering, as well as other cash crops. The last two decades have seen a nominal change in the country's surface water resources and total water resources. Yet clue to factors such as global climate change and river drainage, and total water resources in south China are rising while water resources in the north are falling significantly.

A Series of Measures Adopted by Chinese Government

Against these difficult conditions, the Chinese Government has taken a series of measures to try and guarantee the basic water demands necessary for daily life and social and economic development. Since the founding of t

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

wo years of life suffer lasting damage. They may be underdeveloped or underweight. They may suffer from poor health or limited intelligence. In addition, poorly nourished children are more likely to drop out of school and earn less money as adults.

The report notes that too little food is not the only cause of poor nutrition. Many children who live in homes with plenty of food suffer for other reasons. For example, the study says that mothers often fail to give their newly born babies their first breast milk. This milk-like substance is called colostrums(初乳). It is full of nutrients that improve a baby's ability to fight infections and disease.

The study also links malnutrition(营养不良) to economic growth in poor countries. A lack of nutrition in early childhood can cost developing nations up to three percent of their yearly earnings. Many of these same countries have economies that are growing at a rate of two to three percent yearly. The study suggests that poor countries could possibly double their economic growth if they improved nutrition.

Africa and South Asia are affected the most by poor nutrition. The study says about half of all children in India do not get enough good food. The World Bank study also notes that rates of malnutrition in South Asia are almost double those in central and southern Africa. Other parts of the world are also severely affected, including Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Guatemala and Peru.

The study recommends that developing countries change their policies to deal with malnutrition. Instead of directly providing food, the study suggests educational programs in health and nutrition for mothers with young babies. It also recommends cleaner living conditions mad improvements in health care.

World Bank nutrition specialist Meera Shekar said the period of life between pregnancy and two years is extremely important. Governments with limited resources should take direct action to improve nutrition for children during this period.

What's the main topic of the passage？

A．Poor nutrition in developing countries.

B．World Bank research.

C．Economic growth rate.

D．Ways to fight malnutrition in developed countries.

听力原文： Parents may cam less than 800 yuan monthly, but they may give their child 300 yuan as pocket money every month. Too much pocket money is given to children in Shanghai, showed a survey conducted by Adolescence Center of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. The survey covers 3,800 students in elementary and secondary schools and 1,000 parents in the China's financial hub. More than 69 percent of elementary and 28.9 percent of secondary school respondents say that they can get at least 50 yuan every month from their parents, and some even 300 yuan. Meanwhile, elementary students can often receive large sums of money from their relatives during the Lunar New Year, with 76 percent of them getting 500 yuan, and 11.8 percent even 3,000 yuan. This reporter finds that 4.7 percent of student respondents whose family income is less than 800 yuan monthly receive 300 yuan every month. Experts think these students must be extravagant spenders, but what puzzles them is that only 4 percent of students from rich families (with a family income of 10 thousand yuan or above monthly) get so much for pocket money per month. Having pocket money is good for children. It gives a sense of independence, and a measure of choice in making decisions about how the money is spent, analysts said. However, too much pocket money is not good for children's development, and parents need to give their children money based on the family's economic conditions, said Sun Baohong, deputy director of the center.

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A．1,000 students.

B．3,000 students.

C．3,500 students.

D．3,800 students.

hoever is to blame and whateverhappens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways ofsharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamentalquestions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm？ Should we not ratherencourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work？ Should we not create conditions in which many ofus can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer？ Should we not aim to revive the household and theneighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work？ The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has taken the formof jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which itbrought.may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a betterfuture for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many peopledependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living forthemselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homes.Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by mad, people commuted longer distances to their places ofemployment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the places inwhich they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had sharedthe productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go outto paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and the family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulationsstill assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form. of work,young people and old people were excluded-a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school andmore retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away fromthe utopian goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs. According to the author, the universal employment has_________ A． turned out not to be the best form. of jobs B． created an alternative form. of jobs C．built the foundation of an economic leap D． failed to produce job opportunities for most people