How can culture be classified？（)

Which statement is true according to the text？

A．Foreign adoption is common in America.

B．Parents and their adopted children can both profit from culture camp.

C．Children learn how to behave like others in the culture camp.

D．Children can receive best education in the culture camp.

, feeling and acting that characterize a population or society, include the expression of these patters in （S1） material things. Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture—（S2） abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutional arrangements—and material culture—physical object like （S3） cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflects both the ideas we share or everything we make. In ordinary （S4） speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another （S5） language—the person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, （S6） literature, philosophy, or history. But to sociologists, to be human is to be cultured, because of culture is the common world （S7） of experience we share with other members of our group. Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a kind （S8） of map for relating to others. Consider how you feel your way about social life. How do you know how to act in a classroom, or a department store, or toward a person who smiles or laugh （S9） at you？ Your culture supplies you by broad, standardized, （S10） ready-made answers for dealing with each of these situations. Therefore, if we know a person’s culture, we can understand and even predict a good deal of his behavior.

Culture shock is an occupational disease (职业病) for people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.

Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs are as following: How to shake hands and what to say when meeting people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These signs, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend on hundreds of these signs for the peace of our mind and day-to-day efficiency, but we do not carry most at the level of conscious awareness.

Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar signs are removed. No matter how broadminded or full of good will you may be, a series of supports have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration. When suffering from culture shock people first reject the environment which causes discomfort. The ways of the host country are bad Because they make us feel bad. When foreigners on a strange land get together to complain about the host country and its people, you can be sure that they are suffering from culture shock.

According to the passage, culture shock is______.

A．an occupational disease of foreign people

B．may lead to very serious symptoms

C．actually not a disease

D．incurable

Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges

Definition of Culture

We all communicate with others all the time--in our homes, in our workplaces, in the groups we belong to, and in the community. No matter how well we think we understand each other, communication is hard. Just think, for example, how often we hear things like; "He doesn't get it," or "She didn't really hear what I meant to say." "Culture" is often at the root of communication challenges. Our culture influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together.

Culture is a complex concept, with many different definitions. But, simply put, "culture" refers to a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of. For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this broadly, we realize we all belong to many cultures at once.

Our histories are a critical piece of our cultures. Historical experiences--whether of five years ago or of ten generations back-- shape who we are. Knowledge of our history can help us understand ourselves and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication.

Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences

As people from different cultural groups take on the exciting challenge of working together, cultural values sometimes conflict. We can misunderstand each other, and react in ways that can hinder what are otherwise promising partnerships. Oftentimes, we aren't aware that culture is acting upon us. Sometimes, we are not even aware that we have cultural values or assumptions that are different from others!

？Different Communication Styles

The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style. is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely so," with many shades in between.

Another major aspect of communication style. is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes not only facial expressions and gestures; it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some white Americans typically consider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm of a loud discussion than would members of some American ethnic or non-white racial groups.

？Different Attitudes Toward Conflict

Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are encouraged to deal directly with conflicts that do arise. In fact, face-to-face meetings customarily are recommended as the way to work through whatever problems exist. In contrast, in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best worked out quietly. A written exchange might be the favored means to address the

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Every year, many foreign students go to America to study

English. Some of them will participate in a homestay program

and live with an American family. However, others will take a S1.______

different decision. They will live with friends from their own

country. I believe that if a foreign student looks at both possibilities,

he will decide to live with an American family. Even though

there are one or two drawbacks to the homestay way, there are far S2.______

more benefits.

In making his decision about how to live in the United

States, the foreign student is smart to consider one or two S3.______

disadvantages to live with an American family. First of all, he must

realize that he is going to feel homesick at first. Living in an

American home with people of other language and culture may S4.______

cause this feeling to increase. Also, the American family could

become very protective of him. They may ask him where he is

going, when he leaves home and when he will return. Despite of

these two disadvantages, there is a stronger argument in favor of S5.______

living with Americans.

By living in an American home, the student has an opportunity

to become familiar with American customs and culture. For

instance, he will learn the importance of family closeness. He

can see how the children communicate with their parents and how

the parents educate their children. He will not feel like a stranger

because the American family will help him adjusting to a new S6.______

life. In an American home, he can learn English fast. Family

members can help him with his homeworks. When he speaks S7.______

English, they can point out his errors. In this way, he can learn

English naturally.

Although there are some disadvantage to live with an American S8.______

family, there are heavier benefits. If the foreign student at S9.______

first realizes the value of learning about a new culture and improving

his English at the same time, he will find studying there a

very big experience. S10.______

【S1】

and traditions that teach them are unique to each culture. Not only that, but culture has an effect on how people show these virtues.

One of the most basic moral values for Americans is honesty. The wall-known legend about George Washington and a cherry tree teaches this value clearly.

Another virtue Americans respect is perseverance. Remember Aesop’s fable about the turtle and the rabbit that had a race The rabbit thought he could win easily, so he took a sleep. But the turtle finally won because he did not give up.

Compassion(同情心)may be the queen of American virtues. In 1992, people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit by a hurricane. The next summer, during the mid-west of flooding, Florida returned the favor.

There are more moral values honored by Americans. Courage, responsibility, loyalty, gratitude and many others could be discussed. But no matter how long or short the list is, moral values are invaluable. They are the foundation of American cultures--and any culture.

1.The morality that Americans honor most is () .

A.honesty

B. perseverance

C. compassion

D. gratitude

2.What conclusion may you come to from the paragraph？

A.Moral values for Americans are like those of other people

C B.Virtues of people are connected with certain culture

C. Morality of a nation has an effect on its culture

D. Stories and tradition can teach the people virtues

3.What is not described in detail in the text？

A.The story, Washington and a cherry tree, is often used to teach children to be honest

B. The story, the turtle and the rabbit, makes us determined

C.Compassion, sometimes recycles (循环) well among people

D.Moral values are the base of any culture

4.Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word "invaluable"()

A.useless

B.valueless

C.priceless

D.unvalued

5.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage？

A.Moral virtues are worth nothing

B. Moral values are important

C.Nothing can take the place of moral virtues

D.Moral values for Americans

听力原文：M: Say, Lisa, what are you watching？

W: An old Japanese film. I'm going to spend next year there, so I'd better start familiarizing myself with the culture (23) .

M: You mean you are accepted into the program？

W: Sure was.

M: That's wonderful. You must be very-excited.

W: Excited and nervous. You know I owe a lot to Professor Whitehead. He wrote a letter of recommendation for me and he bought me some tapes and books so I can work on my basic conversation skills (24) .

M: How much Japanese can you understand？

W: Not a lot right now. But I signed up for Intensive Japanese this semester.

M: I wish I were as talented as you are in foreign languages. I'd love to study abroad.

W: Then why don't you？ The university has lots of overseas programs that don't require mastery of a foreign language. The tuition is about the same. You just have to be the kind of person who is willing to accept new culture and who can also adapt to a different kind of life style. (25) .

M: Really？ I might check into this.

W: You won't regret it.

(20)

A．Taping some music.

B．Watching a film.

C．Making a video recording.

D．Writing a letter.

interviewers from different areas of the company.

M: Of course yes. Every interviewer has his own particular interest. An HR manager might want to know if you are a good fit for the company, (22) the team leader of the office you are interviewing for might want to see your personality and if it fits with other colleagues, and a supervisor might be there to assess your skills.

W: It seems you do know a lot about it. Would you mind giving me some advice on how to handle it？

M: Well, being interviewed by a group of interviewers is really stressful and the company wants to know if you can handle it. So, (23) I'd suggest practising a group interview with friends beforehand. This could help you deal with the real stress. I believe you can turn the interview into a positive experience by being confident and having the right mindset.

W: Should I collect some information about the group？

M: This might possibly work. (25) But what really matters is how you fit the job. Make sure you fully understand the job description and what will be required of you.

W: How about the company profile？

M: You should also know how the company works, its culture, and how they are structured.

W: How should I make eye contact with the panel？

M: (24)Look directly at the person who asked you the question, but take the time to make eye contact with the other interviewers. However, your attention should be mainly focused on the person who posed you the question.

(23)

A．He wants to know if the interviewer is suitable for the company.

B．He wants to know the interviewer's personality.

C．He wants to know the interviewer's former colleagues.

D．He wants to know the interviewer's skills.

听力原文： The games of a culture can help us understand a great deal about their history, religion, and belief system. The Indians revealed a great deal about themselves by playing games. Almost all Indians, regardless of their age, gender, or physical condition, played games.

Women played games as much as men, but they usually played separately from the men and had different games. Children also played games. As a matter of fact, they often played the same games that their parents enjoyed.

Most of the games had a religious meaning. Many of the tribes used the games to train warriors and to win honors. As the years wore on, that meaning was lost but the game continued to be played.

Many Indians enjoyed shooting arrows as a sport. They used many varieties of targets, including pieces of bark, women grass, or an arrow stuck in a tree. Quieter amusements included games of chance. For example, pieces of cloth would be used to cover various items determined by one person. The other person would randomly choose one of the hidden items. His or her choice would reveal their past as well as their future. Other popular games were guessing games. For instance, it would require a group to guess the number of rocks in a certain area. Then they would count the actual number and rank the people who guessed according to how close they came to the actual number.

(30)

A．They played the same games as men.

B．They played games as much as men.

C．They played games with men.

D．They did not play games.

Importance of Learning of a Foreign Language

There are a number of reasons (). Learning another language is important for both work and travel. It is also important for making real connections with other people. Lastly, it can give you a greater understanding of your own language.

Learning a foreign language would (). If you work in a foreign country, it will benefit you immensely if you can speak its language because then you would be able to work with all different types of employees, and this will give long-term career success.

Speaking a foreign language gives you (); it enables you to see how other people see the world around them. If you travel or work in a foreign country, think how much easier everything would be if you could speak the local language. It would be easier to find different places, ask for directions, and even order food.

Finally, if you speak a foreign language you will actually (). Other languages open our minds to new ways of thinking. For example, Eskimos have more words to describe snow and ice as it is such an important part of their lives.

Language is (). It is how we share our thoughts with the world. Without language, there would be no way to communicate and express ourselves. The more languages you know, the more ways you have to communicate and express yourself. This is why learning many languages should be important, and why one language simply won't do.

A. improve your own first language

B. definitely enhance your chances of getting a job

C. what makes us human

D. why you should learn a foreign language

E. understanding of a country's culture