Among scholars in English literature, Osler is known as an authority on ______.

Scholars of the information society are divided over whether social inequality decreases or increases in an information-based society. However, they generally agree with the idea that inequality in the information society is_____(36)different from that of an industrial society. As informatization progress in society, the cause and structural nature of social inequality changes as well.

It seems that the information society_____(37)the quantity of information available to the members of a society by revolutionizing the ways of using and exchanging information. But such a view as a_____(38)analysis based on the quantity of information supplied by various forms of the mass media. A different_____(39)is possible when the actual amount of information_____(40)by the user is taken into account. In fact, the more information_____(41)throughout the entire society, the wider the gap becomes between "information haves" and "information have-nots," leading to digital divide.

According to recent studies, digital divide has been caused by three major_____(42): class, sex, and generation. In terms of class, digital divide exists among different types of workers and between the upper and middle classes and the lower class. With_____(43)to sex, digital divide exists between men and women. The greatest gap, however, is between the Net-generation, _____(44)with personal computers and the Internet, and the older generation,_____(45)to an industrial society.

A.accustomed习惯的 通常的

B.acquired 取得

C.assembly 集合

D.attribute 把…归于

E.champions 冠军

F.elements 原理，元素

G.expands 扩大

H.familiar 熟悉的

I.flows 流动

J.fundamentally 从根本上地

K.interpretation 解释

L.passive 被动的

M.regard 把..看作，与…有关

N.respectively 分别地

O.superficial 表面的，肤浅的

ot only of the young men who are its pupils and novices in various lines of study, but also of young men with older men, with veterans and professionals in the great undertaking of learning, of teachers with pupils, outside the classroom as well as inside it. No one is successfully educated within the walls of any particular classroom or laboratory or museum; and no amount of association, however close and familiar and delightful, between mere beginners can ever produce the sort of enlightenment which the young lad gets when he first begins to catch the infection of learning. The trouble with most of our colleges nowadays is that the faculty of the college live one life and the undergraduates quite a different one. They constitute two communities. The life of the undergraduates is not touched with the personal influence of the teachers: life among the teachers is not touched by the personal impressions which should come from frequent and intimate contact with undergraduates. This separation need not exist, and, in the college of the ideal university, would not exist.

It is perfectly possible to organize the life of our colleges in such a way that students and teachers alike will take part in it; in such a way that a perfectly natural daily intercourse will be established between them; and it is only by such an organization that they can be given real vitality as places of serious training, be made communities in which youngsters will come fully to realize how interesting intellectual work is, how vital, how important, how closely associated with all modern achievement--only by such an organization that study can be made to seem part of life itself. Lectures often seem very formal and empty things; recitations generally prove very dull and unrewarding. It is in conversation and natural intercourse with scholars chiefly that you find how lively knowledge is, how it ties into everything that is interesting and important, how intimate a part it is of everything that is "practical" and connected with the world. Men are not always made thoughtful by books; but they are generally made thoughtful by association with men who think.

The present and most pressing problem of our university authorities is to bring about this vital association for the benefit of the novices of the university world, the undergraduates. Classroom methods are thorough enough; competent scholars already lecture and set tasks and superintend their performance; but the life of the average undergraduate outside the classroom and other stated appointments with his instructors is not very much affected by his studies, and is entirely dissociated from intellectual interests.

An ideal college ______.

A．should have mature, experienced and professional men on its staff

B．should be managed by experienced scholars

C．should be managed by experienced scholars and energetic young men

D．should see tight, harmonious connection between the experienced and the inexperienced

people". In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow-minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are of feted a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, "the nation's colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials(文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students." The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an "into grated core" of common learning. Such a core would introduce students "to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus."

Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: "Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most." Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicate themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure(终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculty say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that "There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications."

When a college tries to be "all things to all people"(line 1, Para. 1), it aims to ______.

A．satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously

B．focus on training students in various skills

C．encourage all sorts of people to attend college

D．make learning serve academic rather than productive ends

听力原文： In 1858, a British scientist named William Farr set out to study the "marital condition" of the people of France. He divided the adults into three categories: the "married", consisting of husbands and wives; the "unmarried", defined as the bachelors and spinsters who had never married; and finally the "widowed", those who had experienced the death of a spouse. (29)Using birth, death and marriage records, Farr analyzed the death rates of the three groups at various ages. The work, a groundbreaking study that helped establish the field of medical statistics, showed that much more unmarried people died from disease than the married. And the widowed, Farr found, lived worst of all.

Farr was among the first scholars suggesting that there is a health advantage to marriage. Married people, the data seemed to show, lived longer, healthier lives. "Marriage is a healthy estate," Farr concluded. "The single individual is more likely to be wrecked on his voyage than the lives joined together in marriage."

(30) While Farr's own study is no longer relevant to the social realities of today's world because his three categories don't include couples living together, gay couples and the divorced, for instance, his finding about the health benefits of marriage seems to have stood the test of time. (31)Although better health among the married some times simply reflects the fact that healthy people are more likely to get married in the first place, scientists have continued to prove the "marriage advantage": the fact that married people, on average, appear to be healthier and live longer than unmarried people.

(30)

A．The birth rates.

B．The death rates.

C．The divorce rates.

D．The widow rates.

听力原文： It's generally agreed that serious, violent crime has reached alarming proportions in the United States. A survey by the Law En forcemeat Assistance Administration found that 61% of all women feel unsafe in their own neighborhoods at night; that 45% of the population is afraid to walk alone at night near their own homes; and that 47% own guns, large for self-protection.

Those arrested for crimes and disproportionately likely to be male, young, a member of a racial minority, and a city resident. Males are arrested about four times as often as females. Only in juvenile runaway cases and prostitution are females more often atoned. One is the sex role stereotyping which encourages males to be more aggressive and daring, while females am encouraged to he nacre passive and conforming to the rules and norms. The second reason is the tendency of police officers and the calms to deal more kindly with female offender. However, it should be noted, in the past decade, crime among females has been increasing at much faster rate than among males, a negative side effect which has been attributed to women challenging the traditional sex role. of passivity and conformity.

Young people appear to commit far more than their share of crime, including the crimes that are classified by the FBI as most serious-rape, murder, robbery, arson, burglary, aggravated assault, auto theft. In 1985, 31% of all arrests were of person under the age of 21, and 50% of all arrests were of persons under 25.

(30)

A．For hunting.

B．For protecting himself.

C．For stimulation.

D．For protecting the country.

t many colleges have tried to be “all things to all people”. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. “The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. “

Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.” Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.”

第36题：When a college tries to be “all things to al people” (Lines 1-2, Para. 1) it aims to ________.

A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously

B) focus on training students in various skills

C) encourage students to take as many courses as possible

D) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends

jority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both Colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.

Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.

It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.

Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard," "colloquial," and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.

Which of the following is the main topic of the passage？

A．Standard speech.

B．Idiomatic speech.

C．Different types of speech.

D．Dictionary. usage.

enlargement of knowledge. The analysis of the human genetic code published last week demonstrates that humans, genetically speaking, axe only twice as complicated as the fruit fly, and among them- selves share 99.9 percent of their genes.

Culture and nurture count in making us what we turn out to be, although that will perhaps come as no great surprise to those outside the close world of academic theory.

This part of the rediscovery of the wheel, since before positivism largely took over the social sciences in American universities in the 1950s, it was generally assumed by professors. As well as laymen, that culture had a great deal to do with how material civilization developed. Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:" We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. '

That argument, however, relied on historical evidence and reasoning, which had come to be considered "soft" knowledge--unscientific, subjective, itself culture-bound--and, even more recently, as a self-serving tale told by white male parent in order to oppress the rest.

To suggest that modern liberal civilization, science and technology emerged in Western Europe because of a particular cultural development linked to the assumptions, values and philosophies of classical Greece and Rome, the Jewish and Christian religions, and the ideas of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, was thought to put down other civilizations where such development had not taken place.

This notion," popular early in the 20th century", according to a New York Times report on the matter, is now "unsettling scholars and policymakers", since it "challenges the assumptions of market economists and liberal thinkers". These are nearly ail, to some degree, economic determinists.

The matter is of practical concern in making policy. Take the worst case: the problem of contemporary Africa.

Until the 1950s, Africa was generally considered to be a region of pre-modern cultures, developed among a variety of peoples originally practicing simple agriculture, or hunting and gathering. Some cultures were of great artistic complexity; ail had complex codes of value and ceremony; some were quite advanced politically, resembling in many respects European feudalism(灭亡), but all were without written languages or written knowledge.

What was possibly assumed about humans and the fruit fly in the past？

A．They were equally complicated in terms of gene.

B．Humans were much more genetically complicated than the fruit fly, genetically speaking.

C．Humans were twice as complicated as the fruit fly in gene.

D．The fruit fly was less stably than humans in the structure of genes.

amining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of material culture in it, of course, is musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a th6usand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.

Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on music and, when it becomes widespread, on the music culture as a whole.

One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out. the influence of the electronic media--radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music cultures all over the globe.

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because ______.

A．it helps produce new cultural tools and technology

B．it can reflect the development of the nation

C．it helps understand the nation's past and present

D．it earl demonstrate the nation's civilization