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Identical twin girls are more likely than boys to have learning problems.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
答案
更多“Identical twin girls are more likely than boys to have learning problems.A．YB．NC．NG”相关的问题
第1题
Twins
The same factors that give rise to uncanny physical similarities between twins--similarities are mirrored in genetic similarities that can have more negative impact. Australian researcher David Hay has found that one type of identical twin seems to be plagued with developmental difficulties, especially in language acquisition, and that both parents and teachers add to these difficulties by responding more positively to the older of the two.
Hay has found that just as many identical twins are "mirror images" of one another--with the facial structure, dominant hand and even fingerprints of one exactly reversed in the other---their brains also seem to reflect the same phenomenon.
Questions about Identical Twins
"It is almost impossible to find identical pairs (of twins with the same brain structure)," says Hay, who presented some of his findings on twins at the International Society for Twin Study Conference in Amsterdam in September. "There is generally no relationship between how their brains function; the twins work and think differently." "The left half of the brain controls language skills in one twin while in the other it is the right half," he continues. "So one twin may have difficulty in the reception of language and the other in communication."
"We still have piles of questions about identical twins," he adds.
Hay heads one of the world's largest studies on twins at LaTrobe University in Melbourne, and has studied 587 sets of twins and their siblings over the last 10 years. He has found that both genetic and social factors combine to put twins at a disadvantage, but that steps can be taken to set the youngsters on the path to normal development. The twins who experience the bulk of the problems are the second of two types of identical twins, says Hay. The first type, comprising one-third of all identical twins, results when the fertilized egg splits three to four days after conception. These embryos have separate placentas. The second group forms when the egg divides four to eight days after conception. They share the same placenta, and are "mirror image" twins in about 70 percent of the cases. This group is at the highest risk for a range of social and learning problems, as well as for congenital abnormalities such as spinal bifida and cleft palate. Hay points out that twins traditionally have been known to have difficulties acquiring language sills." They're older when they say their first word, their sentences are shorter and baby talk persists longer that it does with other children, ' he says. "They are also known to develop a secret language they use to communicate with one another." Hay has found that this exclusive language is usually the result of one twin omitting letters and syllables as he or she hurries to get a message across before the other one interrupts." In a sense their language is very adaptive to their own environment, but unfortunately, maladaptive to other situations," he says. "Until recently it was believed language problems gradually diminished until around the time of starting school for all children. But now it appears that twins in particular develop a shaky foundation in this area that has to be corrected early."
Problems with Twin Boys
Hay has also found that "mirror image" identical twin boys are especially at a loss in trying to pick up language skills in school. They are at a double disadvantage, he notes, because boys are normally slower at language acquisition than girls are. According to Hay, as many as 90 percent of the "mirror image" boys at primary level had some reading problems while 23 percent were seriously learning-disabled. But environmental factors contribute even more heavily to twins' troubles, Hay believes. Identical twins, his research shows, have cause to challenge their parents' fairness. Parents tend to lavish more time and attention on the first-born twin, who is o
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第2题
A.girls disguised as boys
B.twin brother and sister
C.women pursuing men
第3题
Are thoughts and behavior. determined by heredity (遗传) or by environment？ Social scientists have long been interested in this question; the results of "twin studies" are particularly interesting to them.Twin studies of the similarities and differences between twins.There are two types of twins: identical twins, who look exactly the same because they have identical genetic characteristics, and fraternal twins, who have different genetic characteristics.In a 1937 study, Newman, Freeman, and Halzinger found that identical twins are more similar in height and weight than fraternal twins.Because identical twins have the same genetic characteristics, the conclusion was that size is determined more by heredity than by environment.In 1962, James Shields compared the height, weight, and intelligence of identical twins who were brought up together (in the same environment) with those of identical twins brought up apart (in different environments).He found that although the differences were small, identical twins who were brought up together were more similar than those brought up apart.Shields concluded that height, weight, and intelligence are largely determined by heredity.However, because of the differences between identical twins brought up together and those brought up apart, these characteristics may be partly determined by environment.
In the case of Oscar and Jack, heredity seems to determine physical and mental abilities, tastes, and behavior.Environment seems to determine thought.
1.After their parents' divorce, Oscar and Jack ______.
A.went to live with their mother's family
B.were brought up by their father
C.never saw each other again
D.were separated until 1954
2.Although Oscar and Jack are similar in many ways, they seem to be different in_______.
A.physical ability
B.behavior
C.mental ability
D.thought
3.Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins because_______.
A.they have the same mother
B.they have the same genetic characteristics
C.they were brought up together
D.they were born at the same time
4.The conclusion of Newman, Freeman and Halzinger's 1937 twin study was that_______.
A.size is determined by height, weight, and environment
B.identical twins are taller and heavier than fraternal twins
C.size is determined more by heredity than by environment
D.identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins
5.Shield drew a slightly different conclusion from his study because_______.
A.he also compared the intelligence of the twins in his study
B.he compared twins brought up together with those brought up apart
C.only identical twins were included in his study
D.all of the environment factors were carefully controlled
第4题
Many people imagine that Alzheimer's disease (早老性痴呆病), the degenerative disorder that ultimately leaves sufferers with total memory loss, is an inevitable result of aging. This is not so. 【C1】______ the risks of contracting the disease increase with age, there are many elderly people【C2】______ memories are perfect. Most of us are so ill-【C3】______ about all forms of memory loss that we label everything as "Alzheimer's'. Alzheimer's disease itself can【C4】______ people as young as 30 and can progress either quickly or slowly. It can also【C5】______ the blame for other non-degenerative conditions such as deep depression.【C6】______ , only an examination of the brain tissue during an autopsy (解剖) can produce an accurate【C7】______ of the disease.
The causes of Alzheimer's are unknown. They may be either【C8】______ or environmental. A study in 1996 of 13,000 people whose parents or siblings had the disease showed they had five times【C9】______ chance of succumbing 【C10】______ the age of 80 than those with no family【C11】______ of the problem.
There are other factors, however. In a study of identical twins, it was found that only about half of the twin pairs developed Alzheimer's and, when both twins【C12】______ . it, they did so as【C13】______ as 15 years apart. The possibility【C14】______ environment plays a part was【C15】______ by another 1996 study, this time of two groups of elderly Japanese men. One group lived in Hawaii, the other in Japan. The Hawaiian group had a much higher【C16】______ of the disease.
Aluminum has been blamed for the development of Alzheimer's. This is because a high level of aluminum has been found in the brains of sufferers. The disease was first diagnosed at the beginning of the 20th century. It was at this time【C17】______ aluminum was becoming widely available for use in cooking pots.
Memory loss, difficulty in【C18】______ familiar tasks, and problems with abstract thinking are all【C19】______ of the onset of the disease. One unusual feature is its impact on language. It attacks nouns first,【C20】______ verbs. Grammar is one of the last things to go.
【C1】
A．As
B．Since
C．While
D．In spite of
第6题
A.until
B. in
C. other than
D. around
第7题
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第9题
A．Her twin sister often brings friends home and this annoys the speaker.
B．They can't agree on the color of the room.
C．They can't agree on the kind of furniture.
D．The speaker likes to keep things neat while her twin sister doesn't.
