He has athlete's foot.()

mal rough-and-tumble(混战) is impossible to make, or so the argument runs: This position may appeal to our inclination for legalism, but the truth is most of us know quite well when an act of needless savagery has been committed, and sports are little different from countless other activities of life. The distinction is as apparent as that between a deliberately aimed blow and the arm hailing of an athlete losing his balance. When a player bails his hand into a fist, when he drives his helmet into an unsuspecting opponent in shorts, when he crosses the boundary between playing hard and playing to hurt he can only intend an act of violence.

Admittedly, rough acts in sports are difficult to police. But here, too, we find reflected the conditions of everyday life. Ambiguities in the law, confusion at the scene, and the reluctance of witnesses cloud almost any routine assault case. Such uncertainties, however, have not prevented society from arresting people who strike their fellow citizens on the street.

Perhaps our troubles stem not from the games we play but rather from how we play them. The 1979 meeting between hockey(曲棍球) stars from the Soviet Union and the National Hockey League provided a direct test of two approaches to sport—the emphasis on skill, grace, and finesse(技巧) by the Russians and the stress on brutality and violence by the NHL. In a startling upset, the Russians embarrassed their rough-playing opponents and exploded a long-standing myth: that success in certain sports requires excessive violence.

Violence apologists cite two additional arguments: First, they say, sports always have been rough; today things are no different. But arguments in America's Old West Were settled, on Main Street with six-guns, and early cave-dwellers chose their women with a club. Civilizing influences ended those practices; yet we are told sports violence should be tolerated. The second contention is that athletes accept risk as part of the game, and, in the case of professionals, are

paid handsomely to do so. But can anyone seriously argue that being an athlete should require the acceptance of unnecessary physical abuse？ And, exaggerated as it may seem, the pay of professional athletes presumably reflects their abilities, not a payment against combat injuries.

"Clearly we are in deep trouble," says perplexed former football player AL DeRogatis. "But how and why has it gotten so bad？"

According to the author, the distinction between violent acts and non-violent ones in sports is ______.

A．impossible to make

B．not very clear in any circumstances

C．too obvious to escape observation

D．not very difficult to make if enough attention is paid to

听力原文：W: Do you like to run？

M: Yeah, when the police are chasing me.

W: Fast like Clement？

M: Who？

W: Kerron Clement. He just broke the world record in the 400 meters. Did you know that he's only 19 years old？ Did you see it on the news？

M: I heard a bit about it.

W: Okay. Well, let's look at the rest. This Florida sophomore ran the 400 meters in 44.57 seconds at the NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships. He broke the mark of 44.63 seconds set by Michael Johnson in 1995.

M: Hey，I'm fast. I could beat him any day.

W: Yeah, only if there is a $20 bill blowing in the wind in front of you. Let's go back to the story now. Clement is from Trinidad and Tobago and moved to the United States when he was 13. He was a highly desirable athlete at La Porte High School in Texas. Big sports schools like Louisiana State University, Texas and Tennessee were after him. He chose Florida and wasted no time in making his mark. He won the NCAA championship in the 400 meter hurdles and then won the world junior championship in the same event. At the junior championships, Clement competed for the United States after earning his U.S. citizenship last summer. He probably could have gone to the Olympics for Trinidad and Tobago last year, but preferred to become an American. Why do you think he wanted to become an American？

M: Probably America is his new home and it has better 1iving conditions than back home.

W: Yeah, something like that. He said he loves competition and he wants to train with the best in the world, the Americans.

(20)

A．To confirm that the man is capable of beating Clement.

B．To show how sincere he is.

C．To give an example of how to run fast.

D．To make a joke about the man's comment.

听力原文： A world-champion body builder has no more muscles than does a 90 pound weakling. So what makes him so strong？ What other qualities does he need？

Muscles are made of thousands of stringy fibers—a number that is fixed during childhood—which contract when doing work. Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract simultaneously.

Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recovery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time. If a muscle is weak or untrained, for example, only about 10 percent of its fibers will contract, whereas up to 90 percent of the fibers in a weight lifter's bulky biceps will contract.

Aside from strength, two other ingredients go into making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related to the condition of the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles. A typical volume for a runner at rest is about 5 quarts a minutes, compared with 30 quarts during a vigorous trial. This greater volume means more work for the heart—a muscular balloon that expands and contracts to take in blood and squeeze it out. Like any other muscle, the heart enlarges and gets stronger with routine exercise.

Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel—in this case sugar—the muscles can store. A muscle that is continually exercised until it is exhausted of sugar tends to store more when it refuels at the next meal. And more sugar can translate into greater endurance the next time the muscle is put to the test.

(33)

A．Because the fibers of his muscles are very thick.

B．Because he has more muscles.

C．Because his muscles are made of more stringy fibers.

D．Because the number of his muscles was fixed during his childhood.

听力原文： A world-champion body builder has no more muscles than does a 90-pound weakling. So what makes him so strong？ What other qualities does be need？

Muscles are made of thousands of stringy fibers—a number that is fixed during childhood—which contract when doing work. Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract simultaneously.

Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recovery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time. If a muscle is weak or untrained, for example, only about 10 percent of its fibers will contract, whereas up to 90 percent of the fibers in a weight lifter's bulky biceps will contract.

Aside from strength, two other ingredients go into making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related to the condition of the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles. A typical volume for a runner at rest is about 5 quarts a minutes, compared with 30 quarts during a vigorous trial. This greater volume means more work for the heart a muscular balloon that expands and contracts to take in blood and squeeze it out. Like any other muscle, the heart enlarges and gets stronger with routine exercise.

Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel—in this case sugar—the muscles can store. A muscle that is continually exercised until it is exhausted of sugar tends to store more when it refuels at the next meal. And more sugar can translate into greater endurance the next time the muscle is put to the test.

(33)

A．Because the fibers of his muscles are very thick.

B．Because he has more muscles.

C．Because his muscles are made of more stringy fibers.

D．Because the number of his muscles was fixed during his childhood.

least, athletes display a vital and indomitable spirit; they are gloriously alive【B1】their bodies. And sports do allow us to【B2】acts that can legitimately be described as【B3】, thrilling, beautiful, even noble. In (a)an【B4】complicated and disorderly world, sports are still an arena in which we can regularly witness a certain kind of【B5】.

Yet there's something of a【B6】here, for the very qualities a society【B7】to seek in its heroes-selflessness,【B8】consciousness, and the like—are precisely the【B9】of those which are needed to【B10】a talented but otherwise unremarkable neighborhood kid into a Michael Jordan. To become a star athlete, you have to have an extremely competitive【B11】and you have to be totally focused on the development of your own physical skills. These qualities【B12】well make a great athlete,【B13】they don't necessarily make a great person. On top of this, our society reinforces these【B14】by the system it has created to produce athletes—a system characterized by【B15】responsibility and enormous privilege.

The athletes themselves suffer the【B16】of this system. Trained to measure themselves perpetually【B17】the achievements of those a round them, many young athletes develop a sense of what sociologist Walter Schafer has【B18】"conditional self-worth". They learn very quickly that they will be accepted by the important figures in their lives—parents, coaches and peers as long as they are【B19】as "winner". Unfortunately they become【B20】and behave as if their athletic success will last forever.

【B1】

A．outside

B．inside

C．besides

D．with

An assistant stage manager's job is difficult because he has to ______.

A．do all kinds of stage work

B．work for long hours

C．wait for a better company

D．act well

Health

Health could be defined theoretically in terms of certain measured values; for example, a person having normal body temperature, pulse and breathing rates, blood pressure, height, weight, acuity of vision, sensitivity of hearing, and other normal measurable characteristics might be termed healthy. But what does normal mean and how is it established？ It is well-known that if the temperatures are taken of a large number of active, presumably healthy, individuals the temperatures will all come close to 98.6°F(37℃). The great preponderance of these values will fall between 98.4°F and 98°F. Thus health could in part be defined as having a temperature within this narrow range. Similarly, a normal range can be established for pulse, blood pressure, and height. In some healthy individuals, however, the body temperature may range below 98.4°F or above 98.8°F. These low and high temperatures fall outside the limits defined above as normal and are instances of biological variability.

Health might better be defined as the ability to function effectively in complete harmony with one's environment. Implied in such a definition is the capability of meeting physically, emotionally, and mentally—the ordinary stresses of life. In this definition health is interpreted in terms of the individual's environment. Health to the construction worker would have a dimension different from health to the bookkeeper. The healthy construction worker expects to be able to do manual labour all day, while the bookkeeper, although perfectly capable of performing his own sedentary work, would be totally incapable of such heavy labour and indeed might collapse from the physical strain; yet both individuals might be termed completely healthy in terms of their own way of life.

The term physical fitness, although frequently used, is also exceedingly difficult to define. In general it refers to the state of optimal maintenance of muscular strength, proper function of the internal organs, and youthful vigour. The champion athlete prepared to cope not only with the commonplace stresses of life but also with the unusual illustrates the concept of physical fitness. To be in good physical condition is to have the ability to swim a mile to save one's life or to slog home through snow drifts when a car breaks down in a storm. Some experts in fitness insist that the state of health requires that the individual be in prime physical condition. They prefer to divide the spectrum of health and disease into (1) health, (2) absence of disease, and (3) disease. In their view, those who are not in prime condition and are not physically fit cannot be considered as healthy merely because they have no disease.

Healthy involves more than physical fitness, since it also implies mental and emotional well-being. Should the angry, frustrated, emotionally unstable person in excellent physical condition be called healthy？ Certainly he could not be characterized as effectively functioning in complete harmony with his environment. Indeed, such an individual is incapable of good judgment and rational response. Health, then, is not merely the absence of illness or disease but involves the ability to function in harmony with one's environment and to meet the usual and sometimes unusual demands of daily life.

The definitions of illness and disease are equally difficult problems. Despite the fact that these terms are often used interchangeably, illness is not to be equated with disease. A person may have a disease for many years without even being aware of its presence. Although he is diseased, he is not iii. Similarly, the diabetic person who has known disease and has received adequate insulin treatment is not ill. The cancer victim is often totally unaware of his disorder and is not ill until after long years of growth of the turnout, during which time it causes no symptoms. The term illness implies discomfort or

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

The best proof against man's intelligence is that ______.

A．he is greedy and he has a violent hunger for wealth

B．he is cruel and is not above robbing his fellowmen of their possessions

C．he assumes that he is superior to other animals in spite of his past record

D．he is an unreasoning creature

A．The list appears on the man's desk.

B．The man says he has to buy some things.

C．The man has made some mistakes in the list.

D．The handwriting is identical to the man's.