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[主观题]

A robot is so lifelike that its sweats are helping the US Army to test protective clothing

. "Manny", as the developer of the mannequin(人体模型), Battelle Laboratories, has christened(给……取名) it, is also【B1】the interest of clothing manufacturers, 【B2】are looking for more realistic tests【B3】clothing for sold weather and athletics.

The original Manny, which【B4】$2 million, was sent to the army's Dugway Proving Ground in Utah in early November. The army【B5】uses Dugway to test chemical and biological【B6】. "The mannequin resembles the human body in size, 【B7】and trunk geometry," says David Bennett of Battelle's【B8】. Physics Center in Richland, Washing ton. "It can【B9】complex body temperature and sweating. It will test the【B10】of clothing used to protect people【B11】chemicals, extremes of temperature and other【B12】environments."

Manny incorporates 12 heaters which【B13】the skin above them. Perspiration can be【B14】so that it fits the robot's action【B15】it can sweat more and heat up【B16】it is walking up stairs. The main【B17】of this system is that them is very little good【B18】around on just how much individual parts of the【B19】heat up and sweat in【B20】situations.

【B1】

A．exciting

B．satisfying

C．producing

D．moving

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发布时间：2020-09-17

更多“A robot is so lifelike that its sweats are helping the US Army to test protective clothing”相关的问题

第1题

Robot. It is a word that seems very modem. A word that creates a strong mental picture. A

picture of something that looks and acts like a human. Robots are not human, of course. They are machines.

The word robot mad robots themselves are less than 100 years old. But humans have been dreaming of real and imaginary copies of themselves for thousands of years. Early people made little human statues out of clay. And they cut wood and stone to look like humans.

What is the future of robots？ The goal of scientists is to create a true humanlike robot. Some experts have described this robot of the future as one that can act independently with the physical world through its own senses and actions. Humans have the ability to see, hear, speak and solve problems. Engineers have built robots that have one or two of these abilities. But it takes a number of big expensive computers to make the robots work.

The biggest problem in creating a humanlike robot is copying human intelligence. The way the human mind works is almost impossible to copy. A simple computer can solve mathematical problems far beyond the ability of even the smartest human mind. But the human mind is better than a thousand supercomputers at speaking, hearing and problem solving. Seven American and Japanese companies are working to develop the senses of sight and touch for robots. The development of these senses will make robots much more useful.

However, the most important human ability—the most difficult to copy—is problem solving. An intelligent robot must be able to change the way it acts when it faces an unexpected situation. Humans do it all the time. Computers must do it for robots. This means computers must have a huge base of information about many things. They must be able to find quickly the needed information in their systems. And they must make choices about how to act. So far, this is beyond the ability of computers.

According to the passage, however intelligent a robot may be, it ______.

A．acts as an ordinary animal

B．is nothing but a machine

C．is viewed as a modern myth

D．is regarded as a human being

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第2题

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. To live in the United States today

is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.

Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it docs not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use out technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.

Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.

In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that pees the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.

第31题：A spear or a robot has the quality of technology only when it ________.

A) is used both as a cultural and a physical object

B) serves different purposes equally well

C) is utilized by man

D) can be of use to both man and animal

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第3题

To live in the United States today is to understand a scientist's claim that social change

exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical purposes, is a major source of social change.

Yet we must remind ourselves that technology is a human creation. It does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is a cultural object as much as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot, serves as the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger Space Shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl are two good examples. They provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went out of order and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.

Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert what the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolution is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.

In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential.

A Spear or a robot has the quality of technology only when it______.

A．is used both as a cultural and a physical object

B．serves different purposes equally well

C．is utilized by man

D．can be of use to both man and animal

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第4题

Trust Me, I'm a Robot With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into

Trust Me, I'm a Robot

With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences—an international group of scientists, academies and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.

"Security and safety are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes？ Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes (违反) the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians？

"These questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant," says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers—a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of house holds should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.

Stop right there

So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces？ "Not enough," says Blay Whitby. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer. One approach, which .sounds simple enough, is try to pro gram them to avoid contact with people altogether. But this is much harder than it sounds. Get ting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what its various limbs or appendages might bump into along the way.

"Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them," says Gianmarco Veruggio. "As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully," he says, "since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go."

Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robot's motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee？ You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue. But this guarantees nothing, he says. "One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology," says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you can not anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Or to put it another way, no matter how sophisticated your robot is at avoiding people, people might not always manage to avoid it, and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs.

Legal problems

In any case, says Dr. Inoue, the laws really just summarize commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modern appliances, both domestic and industr

A．The non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.

B．Safe robots in all aspects of life.

C．Robot-ethics in the new century.

D．Restrie6on on the use of robots as a weapon.

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第5题

Mars fascinates scientists because of its similarity to Earth, and it fascinates the publi

c because our myth of "Martians" is a vision of life beyond Earth. The Mars【C1】______ continues with the launch of a robot vehicle by UK scientists. It's part of a project to build an "autonomous robotic scientist" to【C2】______ the Martian surface and is key to the European Space Agency's 2011 ExoMars【C3】______ .

The six-wheeled vehicle housing a myriad of scientific【C4】______ and detectors is the Mars rover, nicknamed "Bridget". Astrium, an EADS company, are【C5】______ the ExoMars rover prototype and coordinating its【C6】______ with other UK-based institutions.

Searching for a【C7】______ similar to that found on Mars, the team took the rover to El Teide National Park in Tenerife. Lester Waugh, leading the EADS Astrium team, explains, "The rover's not waterproof so the conditions need to be dry as any moisture affects the way the sand【C8】______ under the wheels."

Solar panels will supply power and radioisotope(放射性同位素 ) heater units will help it withstand the cold on Mars. The team is optimizing the performance of the wheels, suspension, the drive system,【C9】______ it doesn't dig itself in on tricky terrain.

Taking【C10】______ to twenty minutes for radio signals to reach Earth demands a powerful【C11】______ system to allow the rover to operate【C12】______ so they are also developing next generation computer software【C13】______ .

The rover will land on Mars packed to capacity【C14】______ scientific gadgets designed to be as light and as small as possible. The【C15】______ development time is essential for rigorous testing, as Waugh explains," 【C16】______ we put things in space we have to make sure that they'll【C17】 ______ the radiation environment, the【C18】______ of heat and cold. Our science【C19】______ is crucial, and malfunctions may affect that. The more science we get back the betterC1【C20】______ there is for spending more money on planetary exploration."

【C1】

A．risk

B．adventure

C．travel

D．advancement

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第6题

Trust Me, I'm a RobotWith robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into

Trust Me, I'm a Robot

With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences—an international group of. scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.

"Security and safety are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes？ Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes(违反) the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians？

These questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant, says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's World Robotics' Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers—a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.

Stop right there

So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces？ "Not enough," says Blay Whitby. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer. One approach, which sounds simple enough, is try to program them to avoid contact with people altogether. But this is much harder than it sounds. Getting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what its various limbs or appendages might bump into along the way.

Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them, says Giamnarco Veruggio. As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully, he says, since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go.

Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robot's motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee？ You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue. But this guarantees nothing, he says. "One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology," says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you cannot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Or to put it another way, no matter how sophisticated your robot is at avoiding people, people might not always manage to avoid it, and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs.

Legal problems

In any case, says Dr. Inoue, the laws really just summarize commonsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modern appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, l

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第7题

Trust Me, I Am a RobotRobot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that t

Trust Me, I Am a Robot

Robot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that they do not injure people will be vital. But how？

The incident

In 1981 Kenji Urada, a 37-year-old Japanese factory worker, climbed over a safety fence at a Kawasaki plant to carry out some maintenance work on a robot. In his haste, he failed to switch the robot off properly. Unable to sense him, the robot's powerful hydraulic arm kept on working and accidentally pushed the engineer into a grinding machine. His death made Urada the first recorded victim to die at the hands of a robot.

This gruesome industrial accident would not have happened in a world in which robot behaviour was governed by the Three Laws of Robotics drawn up by Isaac Asimov, a science-fiction writer. The laws appeared in I, Robot, a book of short stories published in 1950 that inspired a recent Hollywood film. But decades later the laws, designed to prevent robots from harming people either through action or inaction, remain in the realm of fiction.

Indeed, despite the introduction of improved safety mechanisms, robots have claimed many more victims since 198 I. Over the years people have been crushed, hit on the head, welded and even had molten aluminium poured over them by robots. Last year there were 77 robot-related accidents in Britain alone, according to the Health and Safety Executive.

More related issues

With robots now poised to emerge from their industrial cages and to move into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences--an international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.

"Security, safety and sex are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and one of the organisers of the new robo-ethics group. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes？ Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians？ And should robotic sex dolls resembling children be legally allowed？

These questions may seem esoteric but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant, says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers — a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety and ethical guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.

Difficulties

So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces？ "Not enough," says Blay Whitby, an artificial-intelligence expert at the University of Sussex in England. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer.

Regulating the behaviour of robots is going

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第8题

听力原文：A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunne

ls safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention — dubbed Robogat — could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999, which killed 41 people. Most of the people died within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was five kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about 6 minutes.

The robot bas been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a water pipe running along the tunnel, and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute—about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute.

Question ：What is the main function of Robogat？

(33)

A．Make long road or rail tunnels safer.

B．Make long road or rail tunnels easier.

C．Make long road or rail tunnels quicker.

D．Make long road or rail tunnels more efficient.

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第9题

Bill Stone is not an astronaut—he is the world's most famous caver. Leading large internat

ional teams and backed by sponsors like the National Geographic Society, he has mounted more than 50 major expeditions to measure the depth of the most hostile reaches of inner space. Spending weeks underground, his crews have traveled deep inside our planet to the remotest locations touched by humans. Nobody is better at what he does, but this gives him limited satisfaction. He is consumed by ideas for how humanity could explore space and wants to personally establish a privately funded base on Jupiter(木星). It is, he thinks, nothing less than destiny.

A reasonable observer might choose other words: obsession, fantasy. Bill possesses neither great wealth nor extensive political connections. He is an engineer and runs Stone Aerospace, a company so small that when FedEx rings, he usually signs for the package himself. So to hear Bill talk—"It's not a big leap for me to go to Jupiter. For Bill, caves are a proving ground. The experience gained there will help people explore outer space.

But now, after spending nearly three decades on the margins of the space industry, Bill is closer than he's ever been to proving that caves are the best earthly training ground for exploring space. Backed by a $5-million fund from NASA, he is developing a robot called DepthX that may turn out to be the most advanced autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) ever. NASA hopes to someday use a robot like Bill Stone's DepthX to explore Europa, a frozen moon of Jupiter and one of the most probably places in our solar system to support life. Like its inventor, DepthX is a caver, most capable of searching harsh environments. Its theoretical mission, though, is bold even by Bill's standards: a hunt for extraterrestrial(地球外的) life on Europa.

Innovator Bill Stone plans to drop one of the world's most advanced underwater robots, DepthX, into the deepest hole on Earth. If all goes well, this thing just might help get him to Europa DepthX's first major field trial will take place this month in Mexico's Zacatén Cenote, the world's deepest hole. For Bill's future space ambitions to have any chance, he needs to impress the new generation of wealthy space-loving investors. To do that, he needs to ace(取得好成绩) this first trial and, at 54 years old, he needs to do it fast. As one of his oldest friends puts it, "Time is running out for Bill."

What have Bill Stone and his teams accomplished？

A．They have explored many caves and reached the deepest cave in our planet.

B．They have sponsored the National Geographic Society to explore caves.

C．They have explored the outer space and set up funds for it.

D．They }rave explored and measured the deepest gave in Jupiter.

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第10题

A robot whose main frame. consists of three linear axes is called a（)robot.

A.Cylindrical

B.Humanoid robot

C.soft

D.Cartesian