The price of food keeps_ __ up.

Which of the following is not mentioned as an influence on people's choices of food ？

A．Speed and price of the food.

B．Diversity of the food.

C．Tastes of the consumers.

D．Age of the consumers.

The decrease in world food price was a result of ________.

A) a sharp fall in the purchasing power of the consumers

B) a sharp fall in the cost of food production

C) the overproduction of food in the food-importing countries

D) the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries（

Which of the following is not mentioned as an influence on people's choices of food？

A．Speed and price of the food.

B．Diversity of the food.

C．Tastes of the consumers.

D．Age of the consumers.

A．More and more people accept cloned milk and meat.

B．FDA approved that cloned food is safe for human beings.

C．American farmers produce more milk than the people can consume.

D．Because more milk is produced by cloned cows, the milk price is reduced.

A．the price of food and drink remains stable

B．appropriate policies are carried out

C．electricity and pettol costs don't rise

D．the public has a strong faith in it

Economizing of the Poor

Comprehending Economizing of the Poor

Walking down the aisles of a supermarket, low-income shoppers must consider a number of factors including quantity, price, quality and nutritional differences when selecting food products. Food-purchase decisions by the poor often entail balances among taste, preference and quality factors— either real or perceived — to meet spending constraints. Within broad product categories such as cereal, cheese, meat and poultry, and fruits and vegetables, shoppers can choose among many substitutable products. Low-income shoppers can extend their food dollars in a number of ways. They may shop in discount food stores; they may purchase and consume less food than higher-income shoppers; they may purchase low-priced (and possibly lower quality) food products; or they may rely on some combination of all three. A better understanding of how the poor economize in food spending addresses important policy questions raised by researchers, nutrition educators, and food-assistance program managers.

The Correlation between the Location and Price

Whether the poor face significantly different food prices due to where they shop for food remains an unresolved empirical question. Extensive research over the years has tried to answer the question — Do the poor pay less for food？ The Economic Research Service (ERS) in 1997 received the results of studies comparing price differences in grocery stores across different income levels and combined these with current census data on the distribution of low-income households by urbanization type. The ERS study concluded that, in general, the poor face higher prices due to their greater representation in urban and rural areas (as opposed to suburban areas), where food prices tend to be higher.

Higher Prices but Less Spending

Based on results from household surveys, ERS also found that despite facing higher prices, low-income shoppers spend less than higher-income shoppers for food purchased in food stores. Due to their level of aggregation and lack of in-store sales and promotion information, such surveys shed little light on the economizing practices of households. To learn more about how low-income shoppers spend less for food despite facing higher prices, we obtained food-store purchase data that incorporate per-capita quantity and expenditure-measure equivalents (household measures adjusted for household size) across income levels.

The Main Economizing Practices

The resulting comparisons describe how individuals with different levels of income vary in their food-spending patterns. By using actual transaction data, detailed information about the product purchased (for example, price, product description, package size, and brand name) as well as the condition of purchase (promotion, coupon, or sale item) was obtained. From these, the average unit cost (per ounce, per pound) for each item was calculated. Low-income shoppers may use four primary economizing practices to reduce their food spending. First, they may purchase a greater proportion of discounted products. Second, they may purchase more private-label products (generic or store brand) versus brand products than higher-income shoppers buy. Third, they may take advantage of volume discounts by purchasing larger package sizes. Fourth, they may purchase a less-expensive food product within a product class. Although quality differences such as freshness, convenience and taste often contribute to prices differences, differences in nutritional quality are also evident.

More Spending on Promotional Items

The use of promotions is measured by comparing the percentage of expenditures and quantities of each product purchased on promotion (manufacturers' coupons, store coupons, store sales, and other promotions). For random-weight cheese, fruit, vegetables and meat in 1998, low-income households (

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

下面商品中哪一种商品的价格上涨可能会导致较大的收入(包括替代)效应？

(1)盐;

(2)住房;

(3)剧院门票;

(4)食物。

For which of the following goods is a price increase likely to lead lo a substantial income (as well as substitution) effect？

a. salt

b. housing

c. theater tickets

d. food

steps【B2】making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human【B3】are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,【B4】cancer of the colon(结肠癌). Different cultures are more prone to【B5】certain illnesses because of the food that is【B6】in these cultures. That food is related to illness is【B7】a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites(硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐), commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives(添加剂),【B8】cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic(致癌的) additives【B9】in our food, and it becomes more【B10】all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or【B11】. The additives which we eat are not all so【B12】. Farmers often give penicillin(青毒素)to beef and poultry, and【B13】of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of【B14】cows. Sometimes similar drugs are【B15】to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for【B16】reasons. The farmers are simply trying to【B17】the animals in order to obtain a【B18】price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried【B19】to control these procedures, the practices【B20】.

【B1】

A．Once

B．Because

C．When

D．Although

听力原文： Milk was a basic food of man long before history was written. It will probably keep on being one as long as there are animals that give milk.

Many ancient people thought that milk had great healing power. One of the most famous Greek doctors told his patients to drink milk to cure illness.

For more than two hundred years most people got their milk from their own cattle or from a nearby dairy herd. But in time new inventions made the dairy industry a big business. In 1851 Gail Borden, founder of a milk company, found a way to take some of the water out of milk. This made it keep much longer Four years later, Louis Pasteur introduced the pasteurization process. This process killed the bacteria in milk that caused it to spoil. Next, a special milk bottle was designed. This was followed by the invention of machines that could fill bottles and cap them automatically.

These discoveries had a great effect on the dairy industry. They meant that milk could be stored longer. It could be safely shipped over long distances. Preparing and distributing milk soon became a large-scale business. Recently, in a single year more than sixty billion quarts of milk were sold in the United States.

Some people believe that milk drinking will become less popular in America than it has been. But remember how long milk has been a basic food and think of the many ways in which it is useful. It seems safe to say that the milk industry will always be important.

(33)

A．It was full of energy.

B．It gave out heat.

C．It could cure illness.

D．It could keep them healthy.