The choice of cost flow assumption （FIFO, LIFO, or average) does not depend on the ac

A.δ(t)+cost

B.δ(t)-cost

C.δ(t)+sint

D.δ(t)-sint

If you had to sum up the problems of American health car in

two words, they would be "cost" and "coverage". The country spends

16% of its GDP on health. Yet a six of the population lacks medical 【S1】______.

coverage. Most Americans receive health insurance through their

employer. The government picks up the hill for the elder and the poor. 【S2】______.

But an estimating 47 million people fall through crack--a number 【S3】______.

that is rising as premiums (保险金) soar.

Because so many people should be without medical coverage in 【S4】______.

the world's richest country is a disgrace. It spoils the lives of the

uninsured, who are unable to get access with affordable treatment at

an early age. And it casts a shadow of fear well beyond, to America's

middle classes who worry about not their jobs but their healthcare 【S5】______.

benefits as well. It is also grossly inefficient. Hospitals are forced,

by law, to help anyone who arrived in the emergency room. 【S6】______.

Since those with insurance coverage usually cannot pay for that car, 【S7】______.

the bill is passed on everyone else, driving up premiums. Higher

premiums, by turn, swell the ranks of the uninsured. 【S8】______.

Breaking that spiral would be a big step towards fixing American

healthcare. And it is one that politicians at last seem ready to get. Not 【S9】______.

in Washington, where reform. is still stalled (延误) by an argument

between conservatives, who more consumer choice, with those on the 【S10】______.

left, who think government intervention is the answer. Instead, state

governors are taking the lead.

【S1】

ping malls. The buildings would be left standing but the people would vanish. Such was the superior efficiency of selling things via the Internet that brick-and-mortar stores would be unable to compete on price, choice or even service. Book and music sellers had already been "Amazoned". Soon web-based "category-killers", in everything from toys to pet supplies, would overwhelm their physical-world competitors. Shoppers would never be more than a mouse-click from the best deals. Traditional retailers, terrified of cannibalizing (同类相食) sales and destroying the value of their expensive properties, were already too late to meet the challenge. "In some categories," said Mary Meeker, a seer (预言家) of the Internet at Morgan Stanley, "it's already game over."

These are convenient beliefs for anyone justifying some e-commerce share prices, but they are already mostly wrong. The reasons should surprise no one. The Internet is not a dominant technology but rather a network of people. It is a rich and highly flexible means of communicating that is rapidly achieving pervasiveness because more and more people find it easy and convenient to use. But it is those people's preferences that will count; and for most people, shopping is more than just a means to an end. Even if the Internet provided a perfectly efficient way to shop it would not provide a satisfactory alternative to the physical enjoyment of sniffing a ripe melon, say, or trying on a cashmere sweater.

Of course, some products, such as music and banking, can be distributed electronically with success and cost saving. But most purchases cannot be reduced to digital code. And distributing physical goods is cumbersome (笨重的) and expensive. Behind even the most exciting user interface there are old-fashioned warehouses and lorries, customers who decline to sit at home waiting for purchases to arrive, and goods that must be re-wrapped and expensively returned. No wonder that the cost of getting goods to customers' homes so often soaks up the notional price advantages of e-commerce.

What Internet shoppers have quickly realized is that the web is an addition to, and not a substitute for, their shopping habits. It is wonderful for gathering up-to-date information about products and prices. Cyber Dialogue, a research firm, estimates that in 1998 23m Americans sought information online, but then made their purchases offline, compared with only 17.7m who did the whole thing online.

The author compares ______ of the online sale to the effect of neutron bomb attack.

A．the efficiency

B．the choice

C．the price

D．the service

A．You will benefit a lot by living with a native family.

B．The contract period may be for a semester or for a year.

C．The cost usually runs from $500 to $700 per month.

D．The living environment will be tense and noisy.

up. I have no idea what I am doing. I have to make all these decisions about local, local long-distance, and long-distance carriers.

M: I know. It's really complicated. In America, we have somewhere between five and ten thousand long-distance telephone companies. Competition is nice, but sometimes I think we have too much choice! It was easier before deregulation in the early eighties. The telecommunications industry has become far too confusing, but at least prices have really gone down in the last twenty years.

W: Why do I need to choose more than one company？

M: We divide telephone service into three categories: local, local long-distance, and long-distance. Your long-distance company allows you to call foreign countries, other American states, and other cities in your state. Your local long-distance company allows you to call suburbs or regions just outside your city. And, of course, your local company allows you to place calls within your own city.

W: But they only asked me to choose a local long-distance company and a long-distance company. Don't I get to choose my local service？

M: In Southern California, we really don't have much choice yet when it comes to local service. It's still basically a monopoly.

W: Is it really expensive to make local telephone calls then？ How much does it cost per minute？

M: Actually, for most people, local calls do not have a per minute charge. You pay your local telephone company a monthly service fee of around ten to fifteen dollars for your local service, but then we don't have to pay per minute.

(23)

A．Lower prices.

B．More choices.

C．More competition.

D．More companies.

假定某生产函数由F（K，L)=KL²给出，资本价格为10美元，劳动力价格为15美元，什么是生产既定

产出的成本最小化的资本和劳动的组合？

Suppose a production function is given by F(K,L) = KL2 ; the price of capital is S 10 and the .price of labor $ 15. What combination of labor and capital minimizes the cost of producing any given output？

to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices，thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor，and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services：without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much，the price of your television license would need to be doubled，and travel by bus or tube would cost percent more.And perhaps most important of all，advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising，no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long，for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised，it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it，and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he

was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve，for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-know television personality wants.

6.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that().

A.he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

B.everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

C.advertising costs money like everything else

D.it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

7.The phrase“live up to" in Line 3，Paragraph 2 can be replaced by().

A.survive

B.complement

C.agree with

D.carry on

8.In the passage，which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising？()

A.Securing greater fame

B.Providing more jobs

C.Enhancing living standards

D.Reducing newspaper cost.

9.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ().

A.very precise in passing his judgment on advertising

B.interested in nothing but the buyer‘s attention

C.correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information

D.obviously partial in his views on advertising

10.In the author‘s opinion.()

A.advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information

B.advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

C.there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

D.the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

e Lauvergeon, chief executive of Areva. The French, government-owned company is building the first nuclear reactors to be constructed in Western Europe for nearly 20 years. With" no oil, no gas, no coal and no choice", France decided to go nuclear in 1974, and today about 80% of its electricity is generated by 59 nuclear plants across the country. But even France became pessimistic about nuclear power: it stopped building new reactors at the end of the 1980s and in 2002 a government report called the industry a" monster without a future".

How things have changed. Nuclear power is back in favor, thanks to fears about oil supplies, energy security and global warming. France is ready to develop its expertise into a significant export. Its president, Nicolas Sarkozy, considers the sale of nuclear power to be central to his diplomacy: it is a symbol of France's technical power and a reaffirmation of its status as a global industrial power. Soon after his election 18 months ago, he toured countries from China to Libya to tout France's nuclear expertise, signing deals to open the way for French firms to sell reactors.

France has two competitive advantages in the field. First, it has the most recent and extensive experience of any country in building and operating nuclear plants. That has given Areva's "third generation" reactor design, called the EPR, an advantage over blueprints from its two big rivals: Westinghouse, now a unit of Toshiba of Japan, and GE Hitachi, a recently formed joint venture(合资企业). Second, French engineers have developed a new reprocessing technique, so that nuclear energy produces less waste than in other countries.

Areva's EPRs are under construction at Flamanville in Normandy, Olkiluoto in Finland and Taishan in China. Areva forecasts that demand for nuclear capacity could bring it orders for 60 reactors, or one-third of the total market, by 2020 -- each with a price of around 5 billion. Westinghouse has orders from China for four of its new AP1000 reactors, and GE Hitachi's ESBWR design is being considered by several American utilities.

The high cost of building new plants, arid the uncertainty over the cost of nuclear energy relative to other sources, could delay the nuclear renaissance (复兴), especially in the midst of a credit crunch. Luckily for sellers, governments are bent on tackling climate change and securing energy supplies, and are likely to offer big subsidies.

Britain, for one, has given its blessing to France's nuclear ambitions: in September Electricit6 de France (EDF), a state-owned energy giant which owns and runs France's plants (and is thus closely intertwined with Areva), bought British Energy, a troubled utility in which the British government held a big share.

What does the author tell us about Areva in the passage？

A．It is a French company, used to be owned by. private sector.

B．It has stepped into the third-generation .reactor design period.

C．Its third generation reactor has been constructed in France, Finland and China.

D．Its nuclear capacity will occupy one-third of the total in less than a decade.

ad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or across a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.

Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic (痛苦的) as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination).

Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In 'general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort had to the development of migration flow.

Besides push and pull actors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles". Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problem is likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids, Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

The author thinks that pull factors______.

A．are all related to economic considerations

B．are not as decisive as push factors

C．include a range of considerations

D．are more important than push factors

听力原文：M: Hi, Mandy. How's everything going？

W: Not too good, I suppose.

M: What happened？

W: Well, you know I moved out from Mrs. Henzer's nine months ago. And all along I forgot to inform. the registration office to get my address changed. Guess what？ The library sent three reminder notices on the fines incurred on the overdue books and Mrs. Henzer kept the letters without returning them to the senders.

M: How did you find out？

W: Well, I went to the registration to get my transcript. but they said there are some outstanding fines that I have to settle before they can release it.

M: Then just pay the fine and you. can get your transcript. What's the big problem？

W: Yeah, that's exactly what I thought but the fine came to $150 and that was a shock to me. I didn't expect it to come to that much.

M: Oh. That's a bit of a bite! Did you keep the book for long？ That's the first time I've come across such a big fine on the library loan.

W: Guess what？ I checked with the library and they told me three books are still outstanding. They're from 8 months ago. I thought I'd returned them.

M: Are you sure you returned the books yourself or did you get someone to do it？

W: Well, hard to recall now since it was so long ago. At that time I was holding two jobs and had to juggle with school. I really thought I had returned them.

M: Tell you what. Why don't you go back in Mrs. Henzer and see if the books are still there？ Otherwise, you'll have to pay for the lost books and I'm sure they will cost more than $150.

W: I guess that's the only choice I'm left with right now.

(20)

A．She had moved out of the old address.

B．She ignored it.

C．The library didn't try to inform. her about it.

D．The landlord refused to give the books back to her.