Questions 9～11 are based on the following passage. Direction：In this part,you will have

Questions 9～11 are based on the following passage.

Direction：In this part,you will have l5 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet l．For questions 2－8，choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A]，[B]，[C]and[D]．For questions 9—11，complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Interpretation

Translation and interpretation are the ultimate jobs for people who love language. However，there are a lot of misunderstandings about these two fields，including the difference between them and what kind of skills and education they require．

For some reason．most laypeople refer to both translation and interpretation as“translation”.Although translation and interpretation share the common goal of taking information that is available in one language and converting it to another，they are in fact two separate processes. So what is the difference between translation and interpretation？ It’s very simple.Translation is written—it involves taking a written text(such as a book or an article) and translating it in writing into the target language．Interpretation is oral—it refers to listening to something spoken (a speech or phone conversation)and interpreting it orally into the target language. Incidentally，those who facilitate communication between hearing persons and deaf/hard-of-hearing persons are also known as interpreters．This might seem like a subtle distinction，but if you consider your own language skills．the odds are that your ability to read/write and listen/speak is not identical—you are probablv more skilled at one pair of the other．So translators are excellent writers，while interpreters have superior oral communication skills．In addition，spoken language is quite different from written ,which adds a further dimension to the distinction．Then there’s the fact that translators work alone to produce a translation，while interpreters work with two or more people/groups to provide an interpretation on the spot during negotiations，seminars，phone conversations，etc．

There are two types of interpretation：simultaneous and consecutive interpretation The main difference between them lies in the time lag between the original speech and the interpretation into the foreign language. Simultaneous is "continuous flow" whereas consecutive has a "stop-and-go"rhythm. It is comparable to the difference between doing consecutive and concurrent time.

Simultaneous is real-time interpreting: speakers talk as they normally would, without pause,as the interpreter .listens to one language and speaks in another, all at the same time (hence the term simultaneous), with the voices overlapping, though the speaker's voice is dominant and the interpreter whispers into a microphone. It is also known as U.N. style. interpreting. Simultaneous interpreting is the only way to provide a running rendition of everything said in the courtroom by judge, counsel, witnesses, etc., without requiting the original speaker to stop after every sentence. Few people can interpret simultaneously at a high level of accuracy (80% or better),regardless of their ability to speak the two languages in question. Simultaneous interpretation calls for concentration, mental flexibility, and wide-ranging vocabulary in both languages. Research has shown that 23 cognitive skills are involved in simultaneous interpreting. Current neurological research reveals that interpreting draws heavily upon both left-brain and right-brain functions.

Consecutive interpreting involves a pause between language conversions: first the interpreter listens to the entire original phrase or passage, then interprets it into the other language. This mode is used for Q&A of non-English speaking witnesses, and requires more waiting time. It is important for the interpreter not to be seen whispering to the witness, for that would convey intimacy or collusion to the jury. It is equally impor