Theres a kind of protection at work here， said Henry Giroux， a professor at Penn State U。（）

today about the way the company is organised. At the top above me, theres the Board of Directors. Their job is to administrate the company, make general policies, and so on. There are two kinds of Directors, actually. One kind is what we call non-executive Directors, which means that they are standing in various parts of the business world and are in a position to help the company to succeed. They only appear when there are meetings of the Board, and some of them are on the boards of other companies at the same time. But the second lot of Directors — the Executive Directors — are full-time employees of the company. Most of them are managers of our various departments. The absolute head of the company, of course, is the Chairman of the Board. He is appointed by the Board, and his job is to take the chair at meetings of the shareholders and the Board of Directors, and to represent the companys interests at outside functions. He does not take much part in the running of the business. He leaves me to get on with the job. Mind you, not all chairmen are like that. Our last one was a real pain, always wanted everything done in his own way and he kept on interfering. Then theres me, the Managing Director, or MD for short — as long as you dont think Im a Doctor of Medicine. Now, my job is to coordinate the policies decided by the Directors and see that they are carried out. I do this through the various managers of departments. Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard. 16. What is the main topic of the talk？ 17. Who is responsible for chairing the meetings of the shareholders？ 18. What is MD short for？17．

A．The Chairman of the Board.

B．The Managing Director.

C．The General Manager.

D．The Executive Director.

Robert Pianta said he was interested in knowing______.

A.where the whole industry was moving to

B.whether theres some real innovation in there

C.how much money the whole industry would earn

D.whether students could get something new

ting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-in formed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends up on the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information~ Whether to use tests; other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined(for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training pro gram)and least effectively when what is to be measured of predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people~ Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.

In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______.

A．the necessity of standardized tests

B．the validity of standardized tests

C．the method used in interpreting the results of standardized tests

D．the theoretical grounds of standardized tests

听力原文： The great advance in rocket theory 40 years ago showed that liquid-fuel rackets were far superior in every respect to the skyrocket with its weak solid fuel, the only kind of rocket then known. However, during the last decade, large, solid-fuel rockets with solid fuels a bout as powerful as powerful fuels have made their appearance, and it is a favorite layman's question to inquire which one is "better". The question is meaningless; one might as well as ask whether a gasoline or a diesel engine is "better", it all depends on the purpose. A liquid-fuel rocket is complicated, but has the advantage that it can be controlled beautifully. The bunting of the rocket engine can be stopped completely; it can be reignited when desired. A solid-fuel rocket, tin the other hand, is rather simple in construction, though hard to build when a really large size is desired. But once you have a solid-fuel rocket, it is ready for action at a very short notice. A liquid fuel rocket has to be fueled flint and Carl not be held in readiness in very long slier it has been fueled. However, once a solid-fuel rocket has been ignited, it will keep burning. It can't be stopped and reignited whenever desired. Because a solid fuel rocket can be kept ready for a long time, most missiles employ solid fuels, but manned space flight needs the line adjustments that can only be pro vided by liquid-fuel rocket. It may be added that a liquid-fuel rocket is an expensive device; a large solid-fund rocket is, by comparison cheap.

(33)

A．Neither of the two types of rockets is very economical.

B．The liquid-fuel rocket is best.

C．Each type of rocket has certain advantages.

D．The solid-fuel rocket is best.

Questions 10 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

听力原文

M: Hello, Professor Johnson. W: Hello, Tony. So what shall we work on today？ M: Well, the

problem is that this writing assignment isn’t coming out right. What I thought I was

writing on was to talk about what a particular sport means to me—one I participate in. W:

What sport did you choose？ M: I decided to write about cross-country skiing. W: What are

you going to say about skiing？ M: That’s the problem. I thought I would write about how

peaceful it is to be out in the country. W: So why is that a problem？ M: As I start

describing how quiet it is to be out in the woods, I keep mentioning how much effort it

takes to keep going. Cross-country skiing isn’t as easy as some people think. It takes a

lot of energy. But that’s not part of my paper, so I guess I should leave it out. But now

I don’t know how to explain that feeling of peacefulness without explaining how hard you

have to work for it. It all fits together. It’s not like just sitting down somewhere and

watching the clouds roll by. That’s different. W: Then you’ll have to include that in

your point. The peacefulness of cross-country skiing is the kind you earn by effort. Why

leave that out？ Part of your point you knew beforehand, but part you discovered as you

wrote. That’s common, right？ M: Yeah, I guess so …

Questions 10 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

10. What is the topic of the man’s writing assignment？

A.Beautiful scenery in the countryside.

B.A sport he participates in.

C.Dangers of cross-country skiing.

D.Pain and pleasure in sports.

tell you【C2】______technology has crept into nearly【C3】______aspects of playtime and nearly every type of toy. The Hyper Dash, introduced recently from Wild Planet, is a【C4】______in point. "Its the perfect blend of technology, learning and exercise," says an educational psychologist. Wild Planet has【C5】______unveiled a younger version of Hyper Dash, for kids 3 to 5, 【C6】______Animal Scramble, which is due【C7】______stores in September. In【C8】______,the firm will soon release Hyper Jump. "Play and technology are【C9】______," says Claire Green of the nonprofit ParentsChoice Foundation. "Theres【C10】______putting the genie back in the bottle."

【C1】

m in Intemet-based instruction. In just a fewyears,34 percent ofAmerican universities have begun offering some form. ofdistance learning (DL), and among the larger schools,its closer to 90 percent.If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably havent heard of theUniversity ofPhoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of onlineinstruction. It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used tosupport its claimto be the largest private university in the country. Whilethe kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usuallysignifies a course in which theinstructors post syllabi(课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students sendin theirassignments by e-mail. Generally speaking, face-to-face communicationwith an instructor is minimized oreliminated altogether. Theattraction for students might at first seem obvious. Primarily, theres theconvenience promised by courseson the Net: you can do the work, as they say, inyour pajamas (睡衣). But figures indicate that the reducedeffortresults in a reduced commitment to the course. While dropout rates for allfreshmen at American universitiesis around 20 percent, the rate for onlinestudents is 35 percent. Students themselves seem to understand theweaknessesinherent in the setup. In a survey conducted for eComell, the DL division ofComell University, lessthan a third of the respondents expected the quality ofthe online course to be as good as the classroom course. Clearly,from the schools perspective, theres a lot of money to be saved. Althoughsome of the moreambitious programs require new investments in servers andnetworks to support collaborative software, most DLcourses can run on existingor minimally upgraded(升级)systems. The more students who enroll in acourse butdont come to campus, the more the school saves on keeping the lightson in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers,and maintaining parking lots. Andtheres evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course foravariety of reasons, they wont be paid any more, and might well be paid less. What is the most striking feature of theUniversity of Phoenix？

A.Allits courses are offered online.

B.Itsonline courses are of the best quality.

C.It boasts the largest number of studentson campus.

D.Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree.

A.an as kind man

B.as a kind man

C.as kind a man

D.kind as a man

A.kinds of ， kind of

B.knds of， kinds of

C.kind of ， kinds of

D.kind of ， kind of